An example would be a: motorized vehicle aka a car or a bike etc.
Yes , it’s true. In a known-plaintext attack (kpa), the cryptanalyst can only view a small portion of encrypted data, and he or she has no control over what that data might be.
The attacker also has access to one or more pairs of plaintext/ciphertext in a Known Plaintext Attack (KPA). Specifically, consider the scenario where key and plaintext were used to derive the ciphertext (either of which the attacker is trying to find). The attacker is also aware of what are the locations of the output from key encrypting. That is, the assailant is aware of a pair. They might be familiar with further pairings (obtained with the same key).
A straightforward illustration would be if the unencrypted messages had a set expiration date after which they would become publicly available. such as the location of a planned public event. The coordinates are encrypted and kept secret prior to the event. But when the incident occurs, the attacker has discovered the value of the coordinates /plaintext while the coordinates were decrypted (without knowing the key).
In general, a cipher is easier to break the more plaintext/ciphertext pairs that are known.
To learn more about Plaintext Attack click here:
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<span>Password procedures, information encryption software, and firewalls are examples of measures taken to address are all measures taken to safeguard information security and protect users data from being tampered or manipulated by invaders.
In web, if we leave our information without encryption or if we leave our system without firewall, different types of security threats might arise: such as, information being hacked, manipulated or sent to wrong places. To avoid this information encryption is done. We might also need to firewall our system so that we can avoid unwanted access and invading of our privacy using malwares and other tools. </span>
Answer:
1) Bottom-up
2) Top-down
Explanation:
In general dynamic programming is a divide and conquer strategy which can be implemented using bottom up approach or top down approach.
Bottom-up approach in dynamic programming will solve a relatively simple sub-problem first and then use the solution to build and arrive at solutions to a bigger sub-problem.
Top down approach is reversed to bottom-up approach and is also known as Memoization Method. Instead of solving a problem started from the base state sub-problem, the top down approach break a problem into a smaller problems from the top most destination state until it reaches the bottom most base state.
