D) Autocracy is your best answer.
The Ottoman Empire is reigned by a Sultan (the head of the government), with a central government (One (& the only) branch holds all the power) as support for the Sultan. This means that as long as the head (Sultan) is a capable man, he is able to provide needs (& wants) to his people, as well as provide universal healthcare and benefits, as well as profits from across seas and either peace or territorial expansions.
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It would have to be 27 BC when Octavian becomes Emperor.
Climatic condition was the major factor for migrating to new places.
The terrible sewer and water system that was infecting countless people by diseases like typhoid. <span />
You can send it to the school