Creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane in higher plants uses cyclic electron flow (CEF), which primarily serves two purposes: (1) producing ATP and balancing the ATP/NADPH energy budget; and (2) defending photosystems I and II from photoinhibition.
ATP and NADPH are produced by noncyclic electron transport. The single product of cyclic electron transport was ATP. Both steps are required by a plant to produce the required amount of ATP for the Calvin Cycle. The electrons are released by photosystem I and then brought back into the system during cyclic photophosphorylation. However, in non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons that the photosystems emit do not come back.
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I believe it’s D. Secondary consumers eat plants, if i remember correctly.
<span>Stimulation of thoracic or lumbar spinal regions; impulse reaches chain ganglion; acetylcholine release</span>. Acetylcholine is released if the synapse happens in the sympathetic ganglion, if the synapse is in post-ganglionic neuron, norepinephrine is released.
Answer: Whereas an atom whose outermost electron shell is completely filled is least likely to bond with other atoms as the atom is stable due to completely filled shell.
Explanation:
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