Most of the time m (M) means male and f (F) means female.
This was Ernest Rutherford’s gold foil experiment. He used radioactive alpha particles as a part of the experiment and discovered that there was a densely packed, positively charged nucleus in atoms with electrons that were spread out in spaces between nuclei.
Yes, the specific heat capacity of substances change when there is a change in temperature. At molecular level, the internal energy of a substance is stored in form of translational, rotational and vibrational energy. It has 3 degrees of freedom for each form of energy. In lower temperature ranges, say below 1000 degree celsius, vibrational energy is insignificant.
Flow of individuals in and out of a population introduces new alleles and increase genetic variation within that population. Mutations: changes to an organisms DNA that create diversity within a population by introducing new alleles.
