Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47, XXY, is a syndrome where a male has an additional copy of the X chromosome. The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms are subtle, and subjects do not realize they are affected.
It looks like this:
Causes: Two or more X chromosomes in males
Complications: Infertility, autoimmune disorders, breast cancer, venous thromboembolic disease, osteoporosis
Treatment: Physical therapy, speech and language therapy, counseling
Usual onset: At fertilization
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During meiosis crossing over occurs at the pachytene stage, when homologous chromosomes are completely paired. At diplotene, when homologs separate, the sites of crossing over become visible as chiasmata, which hold the two homologs of a bivalent tighter until segregation at anaphase.
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In cell division, the cell that is dividing is called the "parent" cell. Cells regulate their division by communicating with each other using chemical signals from special proteins called cyclins. These signals act like switches to tell cells when to start dividing and later when to stop dividing.