Answer:
Polyphyletic relationships .
Explanation:
The primary goal of modern systematics is construct 'family trees' that exhibit polyphyletic relationships because systemics deals with grouping or organising living organisms into groups base on biological meanings of function and polyphyletic relationships which is organising or grouping of organisms that don't have common ancestors Into different groups or unrelated organisms.
Answer:
Amino acid substitutions at the interaction interface may result in binding affinity changes, and thus affect the structure of the protein complex. ... This structural change may significantly affect the binding energy, and make the protein complex unstable
Explanation:
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Answer:
Paul has natural active immunity, while Nicholas has artificial active immunity.
Explanation:
Natural active immunity is an immunity that occurs when an individual is exposed to a disease causing organism, gets infected, and also become immune to the disease due to the primary immune response. From the question, Paul has natural active immunity because he had chicken pox before, and the virus that causes chicken pox has interacted with his immune response, hence, making him to develop natural immunity to the disease.
Artificial active immunity is an immunity that an individual acquires when small amount of immunity to a disease is deliberately exposed to his body. Artificial active immunity is usually produced in the form of vaccinations. From the question, Nicholas has artificial active immunity because chicken pox vaccines were intentionally introduced to his body.
<span>The genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the genes that suppress the growth of
tumors in the body. If there is a mutation in any of these two genes, there
will be a lower chance of inhibiting tumor growth. This will lead to a higher
chance of cancer and tumor development in the body.</span>
