A. chemical precipitation of minerals from seawater
Answer:
D
Explanation:
DNA replication will not harm you, unlike the others. Hope this helps :)
Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
The pH of solutions is an important chemical property. Oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen. Both shared electrons in an oxygen-to-hydrogen bond tend to spend more time with the oxygen atom than with hydrogen. Although the vast majority of water molecules remain intact in liquid water, at any given moment a few individual hydrogen atoms succumb to the pressure of the electronegative oxygen and lose their hold on both shared electrons. When this happens, the covalent bond is broken and a hydrogen ion<span> (positive charge because it lost its electron to oxygen, shorthand = H</span>+<span>) is released. The remaining part of the original water molecule is called a </span>hydroxide ion<span> (negative charge because it kept an extra electron, shorthand = OH</span>-). Although present at very low levels in solution, H+<span> and OH</span>-<span> ions can have enormous effects on the properties of a solution, especially when they are not in balance. In pure water, every hydroxide ion that forms creates a hydrogen ion, so there are equal numbers of anions and cations. If a solute is added to water, however, this balance can change.</span>
