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Arisa [49]
3 years ago
7

A liquid-fueled rocket engine has two liquids, usually called the fuel and the oxidizer. Which two liquids are most commonly use

d for this propellant?
Chemistry
1 answer:
hammer [34]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

A liquid-fueled rocket has two liquids (liquids are good because of the density, they need less space than a gas to be stored), such that these liquids are called the fuel and the oxidizer.

These liquids are injected into a system that leads to a combustion chamber, where the liquids are mixed (we need to mix the fuel with the oxidizer to enable the combustion of the fuel) and burned to produce thrust.

Some common examples of oxidizers are liquid oxygen, which may be combined with fuels like liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, kerosene and hydrazine.

Other oxidizers are liquid fluorine (which also can be combined with the fuels liquid hydrogen and hydrazine), nitrogen tetroxide (which can be combined whit kerosene, hydrazine and other fuels) and FLOX-70, which can only be combined with kerosene.

The "most commonly used" may depend on the country and the type of liquid propellant ( petroleum, cryogens, and hypergols)

Such that the most common oxidizer may be liquid oxygen, and the most common fuel the kerosene.

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When backpacking in the wilderness, hikers often boil water to sterilize it for drinking. Suppose that you are planning a backpa
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Answer:

2.104 L fuel

Explanation:

Given that:

Volume of water = 35 L = 35 × 10³ mL

initial temperature of water = 25.0 ° C

The amount of heat needed to boil water at this temperature can be calculated by using the formula:

q_{boiling} = mc \Delta T

where

specific heat   of water c= 4.18 J/g° C

q_{boiling} = 35 \times 10^{3} \times \dfrac{1.00 \ g}{1 \ mL} \times 4.18  \ J/g^0 C \times (100 - 25)^0 C

q_{boiling} = 10.9725 \times 10^6 \ J

Also; Assume that the fuel has an average formula of C7 H16 and 15% of the heat generated from combustion goes to heat the water;

thus the heat of combustion can be determined via the expression

q_{combustion} =-  \dfrac{q_{boiling}}{0.15}

q_{combustion} =-  \dfrac{10.9725 \times 10^6 J}{0.15}

q_{combustion} = -7.315 \times 10^{7} \ J

q_{combustion} = -7.315 \times 10^{4} \ kJ

For heptane; the equation for its combustion reaction can be written as:

C_7H_{16} + 11O_{2(g)} -----> 7CO_{2(g)}+ 8H_2O_{(g)}

The standard enthalpies of the  products and the reactants are:

\Delta H _f   \ CO_{2(g)} = -393.5 kJ/mol

\Delta H _f   \ H_2O_{(g)} = -242 kJ/mol

\Delta H _f   \ C_7H_{16 }_{(g)} = -224.4 kJ/mol

\Delta H _f   \ O_{2{(g)}} = 0 kJ/mol

Therefore; the standard enthalpy for this combustion reaction is:

\Delta H ^0= \sum n_p\Delta H^0_{f(products)}- \sum n_r\Delta H^0_{f(reactants)}

\Delta H^0 =( 7  \ mol ( -393.5 \ kJ/mol)  + 8 \ mol (-242 \ kJ/mol) -1 \ mol( -224.4 \ kJ/mol) - 11  \ mol  (0 \ kJ/mol))

\Delta H^0 = (-2754.5 \ \  kJ -  1936 \ \  kJ+224.4 \  \ kJ+0 \ \  kJ)

\Delta H^0 = -4466.1 \ kJ

This simply implies that the amount of heat released from 1 mol of C7H16 = 4466.1 kJ

However the number of moles of fuel required to burn 7.315 \times 10^{4} \ kJ heat released is:

n_{fuel} = \dfrac{q}{\Delta \ H^0}

n_{fuel} = \dfrac{-7.315 \times 10^{4} \ kJ}{-4466.1  \ kJ}

n_{fuel} = 16.38  \ mol \ of \ C_7 H_{16

Since number of moles = mass/molar mass

The  mass of the fuel is:

m_{fuel } = 16.38 mol \times 100.198 \ g/mol}

m_{fuel } = 1.641 \times 10^{3} \ g

Given that the density of the fuel is = 0.78 g/mL

and we know that :

density = mass/volume

therefore making volume the subject of the formula in order to determine the volume of the fuel ; we have

volume of the fuel = mass of the fuel / density of the fuel

volume of the fuel = \dfrac{1.641 \times 10^3 \ g }{0.78  g/mL} \times \dfrac{L}{10^3 \ mL}

volume of the fuel  = 2.104 L fuel

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