All these are types of metaphors, which is a figurative language that describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true, but helps explain the idea or make a comparison.  
A metaphor says one thing is another thing, it equates these two things in order to compare or make a symbolism.
All of these excerpts create a poetic tone and a colourful mood.
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Birdfoot's Grampa by Joseph Bruchac tells about the Grampa who considers every life on earth important. Showing such an act of kindness by saving a toad, it depicts the theme to live selflessly.
In the above excerpt, the narrator asks his Grampa to stop saving toads as he won't be able to save them all and they have "got places to go". From this excerpt, the reader is most likely to infer that there are many toads.
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
1. not sure
2. D
3. I don't see any dialogue 
4. A
5. B
6. not sure
7. C
8. I think B
9. C
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
a line of reasoning that presents the opposite side of the author's argument is called a <u>counterclaim</u><u>.</u>
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Don’t judge a book by it’s cover