Creationists criticize the idea of natural selection as a circular argument, or tautology, claiming "the fittest are those that survive, and survival is how fitness is defined. "
The definition of natural selection is not tautological because natural selection is measured by contribution to the next generation, not simply survival of an individual organism.
Tautologies or circular arguments are true at all times and therefore are not productive as theories since they cannot be disproved. A tautology is a statement which is true by necessity.
Natural selection is the prevalent theory which explains biological change by predicting the mechanism behind evolution.
Nevertheless, natural selection can be explained non-tautologically. It should be described as the theory which tries to speculate as well as retrodict evolutionary change by environmental forces affecting the organisms.
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Answer: e. All of the above
Explanation:
The primary productivity (photosynthesis) can be define as the total production of organic matter in the form of carbohydrates from available atmospheric carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight, appropriate temperature, and nutrients by the plants or other autotrophs. The life on earth sustains due to primary productivity as the plants prepare their own food and these plants are consumed by the animals and other living beings.
On the basis of the above description, all of the above is the correct option. As plants or other autotrophs will not be able to synthesize their food in the absence of nitrogen (nutrient) obtain from the soil, light, temperature, and water.
DNA and RNA are made from nucleotides, each containing a five-carbon sugar backbone, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. DNA provides the code for the cell 's activities, while RNA converts that code into proteins to carry out cellular functions.
