There are two reasons for this.
1. To discourage the sales of certain products
For example, the government impose a really high tax for cigarettes and gasoline. Both of these products tend to create damages to the environment and the health of the people who use them. Because of this, the government impose a high taxes in order to make the price become more expensive
2, To increase government budget.
The taxes that citizens pay to the government would be allocated to the budget that the government can use to fund their programs (such as infrastructure building, grants, health benefits, military , etc).
In business, the process of Goal settings involves developing an action plan which is intended to motivate and guide the group toward achieving such planned objective.
The theory which leads to effectiveness of goal setting includes:
- Mobilizing the employees effort by providing them incentives.
- Drawing of employee's attention to important elements of a skills
- Increasing persistence of employee by providing incentives as well.
- The employment of new learning strategies for the employees.
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conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning<span>, a conditioned stimulus is one which is previously a neutral stimulus, which, upon becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually triggers a conditioned response.
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An unconditioned stimulus is one which <span>unconditionally, naturally, and automatically elicits or triggers a(n) (unconditioned) response. For example, the smell of food usually triggers hunger.
In contrast, a conditioned stimulus is one which initially does not trigger the same response as the unconditioned stimulus, but because of association, eventually triggers the same response as well. The response to a conditioned stimulus is a conditioned response.
For example, in the famous experiment by Ivan Pavlov, the sound of a bell was paired with the serving of food to dogs. Dogs naturally salivate upon smelling/seeing the food. However, later on, even without the food, when the dogs heard the sound of the bell, they began salivating. The sound of the bell is the conditioned stimulus, while the salivation of the dog in response to the conditioned stimulus, the bell, is called a conditioned response. </span>
By matching each example to its corresponding stimulus or response, we have the following:
Unconditioned Response: vomiting;
- This is a condition or actions that occur without learning it. It is inborn.
Unconditioned Stimulus: food poisoning;
- This is a form of stimulus that results in a natural reaction without forcing it or intentionally doing it.
Conditioned Response: refusal to eat;
- This is a type of response that is learned. It is intentionally done by the subject.
Conditioned Stimulus: a taste of the chicken salad
- This is often considered a neutral stimulus initially but later turns to a learned response over time.
Hence, in this case, it is concluded that there are different forms of taste aversion experienced in living things, particularly humans and animals.
The available options are the following
Stimulus
- Unconditioned Response:
- Unconditioned Stimulus:
- Conditioned Response:
- Conditioned Stimulus:
Examples
- a taste of the chicken salad
- refusal to eat
- vomiting food poisoning
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