In a study, the independent variable is the thing that you change to see how the change produces different results. In this study, the independent variable would be the use of nicotine.
They are all considered a penalty or an infraction. When one of these occurs, the opposite team will get a power play usually. A power play is when one team has more players than the other. Hope this helps!
Not having a brand, or an FDA approval are warning signs.
The first stage (dialation)
