Explanation:
Endoplasmic reticulum is one of the cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is an important cell structure. It is made up of folded membranes.
- In the endoplasmic reticulum protein is synthesized.
- It helps in the transport of protein molecules to the golgi apparatus.
- Protein is usually folded in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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<span>The theory puts forward the concept that chloroplasts were developed from one form of prokaryotic organisms taken up inside a primordial eukaryotic cell. This is an organism form that uses light energy to divide, this part of its processes became the chloropplast whilst another formed the origin of mitochondria.</span>
Answer:
1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).
2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).
Explanation:
In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.
<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro <em>Val</em> Glu Lys Ser
When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.
Answer:
- "Mid oceanic ridge"
Explanation:
<em> Mid-ocean ridges are formed by divergent plate boundaries in the ocean. This is where upwelling magma creates new seabed. A diverging plate boundary occurs when two plates move away from one other. Magma rises from deep beneath the Earth and erupts along these boundaries, forming new crust on the lithosphere. The majority of divergent plate borders are undersea, forming submerged mountain ranges known as oceanic spreading ridges. </em>
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