Answer:
Traditional methods of measurement involve methods like measurement using the arm, foot or hand span of a particular person which can and does varies form person to person and hence can't be reliable while the standard methods have a fixed standard value which is universal and same for everybody and every place and ..
Answer:

Explanation:
As it is given that flow rate in the pipe is 20 cm^3/s
so we have

at the upper end the area is given as


Also at the other end


now the speed at two ends is given as




now by Bernoulli's theorem we have

now we have

Now we have

Answer:
minimum length of a surface crack is 18.3 mm
Explanation:
Given data
plane strain fracture toughness K = 82.4 MPa m1/2
stress σ = 345 MPa
Y = 1
to find out
the minimum length of a surface crack
solution
we will calculate length by this formula
length = 1/π ( K / σ Y)²
put all value
length = 1/π ( K / σ Y)²
length = 1/π ( 82.4
/ 345× 1)²
length = 18.3 mm
minimum length of a surface crack is 18.3 mm