Answer:
d. alveolar ventilation rate
Explanation:
Alveolar Ventilation rate (AVR) refers to the rate of airflow that reaches the alveoli which is available for gas exchange with the blood in a given unit of time. AVR is generally calculated as the amount in millimeters of air expired that equilibrates (i.e., exchanges) with alveolar gas per min unit (ml/min). AVR is affected by breathing frequency, tidal volume ( i.e., the normal amount of air between inhalation and exhalation), and the amount of dead space in the lungs.
Answer:
Quadrat method is used for estimating the number of individuals in an area. In this method, a large square area on the ground or water surface is marked, call it an enclave. The number of animals present in this enclave is counted. Then by assuming that the animals are less migratory and are uniformly distributed, their number for a large area is estimated by the use of unitary method of calculation. Example a 4 square feet area has 2 snails, then a 1000 square feet area will have (1000 x 2)/4, i.e, 500 snails in it. Fishes can be counted using this method only if they are confined in a small water body like a lake or a pond. Rivers are flowing so the fishes may move along its length which can give us an underestimate or an overestimate of their numbers. Sea has its depth and huge area, and fishes can be moving randomly in it. Hence this method will not work for river and sea fishes.
Explanation:
Hope this helps :D
When 2 species bennift like fish cleaning a whale by eating off his skin
