Covalent bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms. Double and triple covalent bonds occur when four or six electrons are shared between two atoms, and they are indicated in Lewis structures by drawing two or three lines connecting one atom to another.
Solution with a pH of 3 has 10⁻³ moles of H⁺, solution with a pH of 4 has 10⁻⁴ moles of H⁺ and solution with a pH of 5 has 10⁻⁵ moles of H⁺ (in dm³) so the solution with a pH of 3 has 10 times more H⁺ ions than the solution with a pH of 4 and 100 times more H⁺ ions than the solution with a pH of 5.
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Question:
<em>What effects does the concentration of reactants have on the rate of a reaction?</em>
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<em>Reactant concentration. Increasing the concentration of one or more reactants will often increase the rate of reaction. This occurs because a higher concentration of a reactant will lead to more collisions of that reactant in a specific time period.</em>
<em>Increasing the concentration of reactants generally increases the rate of reaction because more of the reacting molecules or ions are present to form the reaction products. ... When concentrations are already high, a limit is often reached where increasing the concentration has little effect on the rate of reaction.</em>
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Nitrogen molecule is 28 neuclons×1.67×10-27 kg/nucleon = 4.68 д 10-26 kg. So the average speed of a gas molecule is about 500 m/sec. This is roughly the speed of sound in a gas 340 m/sec. So the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is related to the temperature of the gas.
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