There is no single definition of the word restaurant because there are many different types of restaurants. Some people consider a restaurant simply an eating establishment, while others do not consider fast food or take out “restaurants” because the person is not sitting down and eating in the establishment. This is why it is hard to pinpoint one single definition of restaurant. One can say a restaurant is a casual dining restaurant. Others can say it is a fancy restaurant or a fine dining restaurant. Some may consider Burger King a restaurant while others do not think Burger King fits the definition. Restaurants can be put in specific categories, but there will never be a single definition of the word because it is a word that needs more classification than just one single definition.
Spontaneous recovery means the reappearance of a previous extinguished response. For instance, Jon is scared of dogs because he thinks they look angry. After a long treatment, he finally gets used to play with the dogs. He is no longer afraid of dogs. However, one day he saw a dog walking towards him, he suddenly started to fear again. His fear was extinguished after the treatment, but he suddenly recovered that response again. This is more of an one time event.
Proponents of literature-based instruction usually focus on the importance of using authentic literature, rather than the "canned" variety found in basal textbooks and other programs. Books that are written to teach children to read tend to be boring, contrived and less vibrant than authentic literature. Authentic literature can also open doors for students by introducing them to different cultures, social structures and story lines.
Advantage: Higher Level Thinking Skills
Many teachers choose literature-based instruction because they feel that it addresses higher level thinking skills than basal level instruction. Rather than forcing children to give pat answers to basic questions about a story, literature-based instruction encourages children to think deeply and share their thoughts about a story. Reading authentic literature can improve vocabulary, reading comprehension, reading ability and language growth. In addition, literature-based instruction is much more child-centered, with the teacher as the facilitator or coach, rather than "the sage on the stage."
Disadvantage: Teacher's Perspective
From the teacher's perspective, teaching using a literature-based approach can be more difficult than using other approaches. First-time teachers may find it especially challenging, since literature-based approaches inherently have less structure than many other approaches. Teachers also may struggle with effectively assessing a child's progress. Because literature-based instruction is less widely used than other forms of instruction, teachers often spend hours choosing literature selections, as well as developing activities and evaluations that reflect the content.
Disadvantage: Scope and Sequence
Finding appropriate literature selections that address the skills that students need to learn can be challenging, and finding selections that actually build from one year to the next is virtually impossible. This means that using literature-based instruction may prevent students from building their skills in a systematic fashion, and they may miss out on some skills entirely. Especially as students advance to the next grade, they will feel a lack of continuity, which can prevent them from growing as readers, writers and thinkers.
References
Fayetteville State University: Merits of a Literature-Based Instruction Vs. the Basal Approach
Family Education: Literature-Based Reading Programs
Lesson Sense: Literature-Based Instruction
About the Author
Keren (Carrie) Perles is a freelance writer with professional experience in publishing since 2004. Perles has written, edited and developed curriculum for educational publishers. She writes online articles about various topics, mostly about education or parenting, and has been a mother, teacher and tutor for various ages. Perles holds a Bachelor of Arts in English communications from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
The term “Secular” means being "separate" from religion (having no religious basis)
Secularism means separation of religion from political, economic, social and cultural aspects of life, religion being treated as a purely personal matter!
