Well they of course fought back for their land but still lost,Also in the process they lost men and women during it so if you think about it they were heart broken and angry.
The Indian Ocean Trade began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and declined in the 1500's when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit. As trade intensified between Africa and Asia, prosperous city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa.
Prediction 1 is best. Two hummingbirds with short or medium beaks had a baby with a mutation in its genes for the long-beak trait. Because long-beak hummingbirds are more likely to survive, that baby survived long enough to pass on its mutation, so the long-beak trait became more common over generations.