Answer:
Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration
(or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce
energy in the form of ATP. It is called anaerobic because it
occurs in the absence of oxygen . Lactic acid is generated
as a byproduct of this reaction, which is what gives this
type of fermentation its name.
and also Lactic acid fermentation is the type of anaerobic
respiration carried out by yogurt bacteria (Lactobacillus
and others)
The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule. During this process, DNA polymerase “reads” the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.
Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerase is required to help duplicate the cell’s DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each of the daughter cells. In this way, genetic information is transmitted from generation to generation.
Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form. This opens up or “unzips” the double stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication.
DNA polymerase adds new free nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly-forming strand, elongating it in a 5’ to 3’ direction. However, DNA polymerase cannot begin the formation of this new chain on its own and can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing 3'-OH group. A primer is therefore needed, at which nucleotides can be added. Primers are usually composed of RNA and DNA bases and the first two bases are always RNA. These primers are made by another enzyme called primase.
Although the function of DNA polymerase is highly accurate, a mistake is made for about one in every billion base pairs copied. The DNA is therefore “proofread” by DNA polymerase after it has been copied so that misplaced base pairs can be corrected. This preserves the integrity of the original DNA strand that is passed onto the daughter cells.

A surface representation of human DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a central enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Image Credit: niehs.nih.gov
Structure of DNA polymerase
The structure of DNA polymerase is highly conserved, meaning their catalytic subunits vary very little from one species to another, irrespective of how their domains are structured. This highly conserved structure usually indicates that the cellular functions they perform are crucial and irreplaceable and therefore require rigid maintenance to ensure their evolutionary advantage.
Answer:
The correct answer is - operation of reflex arc.
Explanation:
The reflex arc is a unique and special type of neural pathway that starts with a sensory neuron and ends with a motor neuron. In this operation sensory neuron acts as the receptor and motor neuron is effector. This type of neural circuit helps in faster response.
Voluntary muscles like quadriceps muscle are normally in control voluntarily however, such muscle may contract involuntary due to reflex arc. This type of contraction takes place before the signal has even reached the brain.
In this response the sensory neuron takes the signal to the spinal cord and then motor neuron to the effector muscle for faster response.
Thus, the correct answer is - operation of reflex arc.
The number of calories on a Halloween stash depends on the type of candies and the number of units of each. If the stash contains 5 units of each of these candies: chocolate bars, taffies, lollypops, and candy corn the total number of calories is 1,650.
Calories are the most common unit used to define the energy a specific food gives to your body. For example, an apple has 52 calories, while a banana has 89 calories.
Considering this, in a Halloween stash the calories depend on two factors:
- The types of candies or products
- The units of each one
Let's suppose there are 5 units of each of the following candies:
- Chocolate bars
- Taffies
- Lollypops
- Candy corn
Let's now calculate the calories
- Chocolate bars = 220 calories x 5 units = 1,100 calories
- Taffies = 20 calories x 5 units = 100 calories
- Lollypops = 83 calories x 5 units = 415 calories
- Candy corn = 7 calories x 5 = 35 calories
Add all the previous results:
1,100 + 100 + 415 + 35 = 1,650 calories in total
Learn more in brainly.com/question/22374134
Answer:
A
Explanation: Ex: heavy fur coat great in Alaska, bad in Florida
Not B: organizms can learn behaviors but adaptation is biological.
Not C. Answer is not for basic biology.
Not D: Competition varies under factors such as environment.
