Explanation: Passive and Active transport mechanisms are the two types of transport mechanisms by which molecules move in and out of the cell membranes. Passive Transport mechanisms do not require energy from cells. The movement of the molecules from High to Low concentration requires no energy. E.g. Osmosis, simple and facilitated diffusion.
Energy does not cycle the way nutrients and atoms do. Energy enters the ecosystem from the Sun and exits after the organisms have taken as much as they need. Organisms release energy back into the biosphere as heat.
B. They protect against oxidative damage from excessive light energy
<h3>Explanation;</h3>
Some carotenoids seem to be function as photoprotectors.
These compounds absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen, forming reactive oxidative molecules that are dangerous to the cell.
