The Tenth Amendment upholds both federalism and the state's rights. It identifies the rights of the people (state rights) not only of government power to the people. The bill of rights is implemented in the US, which means it extends to all the states. The US Constitution applies the law to all its jurisdiction which is all the states.
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The positive effects of getting California is that it's closer to Asia, and California side of the nation at the time could have open territory to conquer.
Why was it so difficult to pass laws under the Articles of Confederation? All the states had to agree for a law to pass. The government did not have a Congress where laws can pass. ... Congress gave too much power to the Executive Branch.
I think it's because slavery costs less...just a guess.