Superantigens cause the stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines.
- Some pathogens in an unusual way take over the immune system and mislead it by interfering in the adaptive immune system.
- Instead of processing by APC (Antigen Presenting Cells), superantigen is directly bonded to MHC-II (Major histocompatibility complex) and TCR (T cell receptor) for a longer period than normal.
- As a result, about 20% of T cells are stimulated to produce cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) known as Cytokine storm. Thereby, affected individuals experience some adverse symptoms like toxic shock syndrome and rheumatic fever.
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Answer:
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Explanation:
Diencephalon, the central core of the brain is located superior to the midbrain. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus together make diencephalon.
-Thalamus makes around 80% of the diencephalon. Thalamus consists of two nuclei of gray matter along with interspersed tract of white matter.
-Hypothalamus is the part of diencephalon that is present inferior of the thalamus.
-The pineal gland and habenular nuclei together make epithalamus that is located posterior to the thalamus.
Hair follicles, saliva, white blood cells, and sperm
