Plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exists in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes. The genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance. To know whether the cell carry recombinant plasmids; only cells with a plasmid will reproduce and also the color of the colonies in E. coli plasmid recombination experiments allows scientists to distinguish colonies with recombinant plasmids from those without.
Natural Selection is when traits are "naturally" selected for, because "survival of the fitttest." Example would be a species becoming bigger over time, because the smaller animals of that species were more likely to be eaten by predators. Natural selection is when the "best" trats are passed down due to chance
Selective breeding is if an outside forece (like a dog breeder) "chooses" a triat to be passed down. Example, instead of breeding a brown dog with a white dog, the breeder breeds two black dogs together in orer for the litter to all have black fur
Genetic variation<span> occurs </span>mainly<span> through DNA mutation, gene flow (movement of genes from one population to another) and sexual reproduction</span>
1. Biogeography, the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life. It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution.
2. weathering and other natural forces break down the substrate, rock, enough for the establishment of certain hearty plants and lichens with few soil requirements, known as pioneer species. These species help to further break down the mineral-rich lava into soil where other, less hardy species can grow and eventually replace the pioneer species. In addition, as these early species grow and die, they add to an ever-growing layer of decomposing organic material and contribute to soil formation. This process repeats multiple times during succession. At each stage, new species move into an area, often due to changes to the environment made by the preceding species, and may replace their predecessors. At some point, the community may reach a relatively stable state and stop changing in composition. However, it's unclear if there is always—or even usually—a stable endpoint to succession.
3. I don’t have the video so I’m going to take. Wild guess. Just look up types of finches
4. Broadly speaking, different species are unable to interbreed and produce healthy, fertile offspring due to barriers called mechanisms of reproductive isolation.
These barriers can be split into two categories based on when they act: prezygotic and postzygotic.
I tried my best hope this helps :)
