Water serves as an electron source in the electron transport process of photosynthesis. The electron is extracted from water by using solar energy.
What is the electron transport chain's source of energy?
The electron transport chain uses the energy released by oxygen and reduced compound reactions such as cytochrome c and (indirectly) NADH and FADH2 to pump protons into the intermembranous space, producing the electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane.
In photosynthesis, water is split to produce electrons in the presence of sunlight, a process known as the photolysis of water. The electrons are finally transferred to NADP+ by the chloroplast electron transport chain, where they are reduced to NADPH.
Therefore, In aerobic respiration, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen by the mitochondrial electron transport chain to reduce oxygen in the water.
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Species evolve independently possibly due to geographical isolations or behavioural isolations.
Geographical isolation includes the isolation of 2 groups of the same species. Since these 2 groups live in different locations, (e.g. a volcanic eruption resulting in a barrier between one side of an ocean and another side of the ocean), they will have different selection pressures in their different environments as well (e.g. one side of the ocean may have more sunlight and thus more underwater plantations than the other side of the ocean). Natural selection will eliminate those with disadvantageous characteristics (e.g. Fishes that only eat plants and nothing else on the side of the ocean with little plantations) with unfavourable alleles, and select for those with advantageous characteristics (e.g. Fishes are able to eat plants and other organic substances as well on the side of the ocean with little plantations) with favourable alleles.
Since the 2 groups have different selection pressures, natural selection will occur in different ways, selecting for and against different types of fishes with different types of alleles. Also, because of the barrier, they are not able to mate with each other, and there are no mixing of genes from one side of the ocean and the other side. They are genetically isolated. As genetic drift occurs over time, their gene pools become different from each other. Thus, they evolve independently.
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Nests, small organisms such as lizards, snakes, small birds, rock formations, skeletons of small animals.
Answer:
The precaution to take while observing Rhizopus under microscope is wear hand glovers as one must not touch the mould with bare hands, and if you do so, wash hands thoroughly afterwards. If anyone is having allergies like asthma, then one must keep away from the mould.
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Answer:
In the case of water, hydrogen bonds form between neighboring hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules. The attraction between individual water molecules creates a bond known as a hydrogen bond. ... Both of these atoms can form a hydrogen bond with oxygen atoms of different water molecules.
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