We'll use humans as an example since it's simple and relevant.
All
healthy humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of very similar
chromosomes). When gametes are formed in meiosis, this number is halved,
such that sperm and ovum have only 23 chromosomes (just one of each
pair). When these gametes meet and fuse as a result of sexual
reproduction, the 23 chromosomes from the ovum and the 23 chromosomes
from the sperm combine to form the full set of 46.
Sometimes
meiosis doesn't quite work perfectly, though. Downs Syndrome is an
example of this (one gamete has both copies of chromosome 21, so after
fusion with the other gamete there are 3 chromosome 21s!).
Answer:
The most important abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, soil and temperature. Water (H2O) is a very important abiotic factor – it is often said that “water is life.” All living organisms need water.
I have multiple answers to this question:
1. to make (an idea, statement, etc.) clear or intelligible; to free from ambiguity. 2. to remove solid matter from (a liquid); to make into a clear or pellucid liquid. 3. to free (the mind, intelligence, etc.) from confusion; revive
The result of a cytosine base being substituted for a thymine base in a DNA segment during DNA replication will be the sequence could code for the wrong amino acid during translation.
The base replaced is also transcribed during transcription, the act of encoding genetic information from DNA into RNA. Adenine instead of guanine is transcriptionally transcribed if cytosine is replaced with thymine.
Due to the substituted base, the incorrect amino acids may wind up being translated during the translation of the genetic instructions, resulting in a defective protein.
The mutation is the term used to describe a change in the DNA sequence. A base substitution in a DNA sequence during replication compromises the genetic information in the area where the change took place.
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Answer:
Substitution; SN2, SN1; carbonation, two steps; SN1,SN2
Explanation:
Alkyl halides undergo substitution reactions with nucleophiles. Strong nucleophiles favor the SN2_ mechanism over the _SN1_ mechanism. An SN1 mechanism forms a carbonation as a reactive intermediate and the mechanism has two steps. Protic solvents favor SN1 mechanism and aprotic solvents favor the SN2 . SN1 reactions proceed with racemization at a single stereogenic center. Increasing alkyl substitution favors an SN1 mechanism while decreasing alkyl substitution favors an SN2 mechanism. A Carbonation is a positively charged carbon atom
