Answer:
Engel v. Vitale
LAW CASE
WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Engel v. Vitale, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 25, 1962, that voluntary prayer in public schools violated the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion.
New York state’s Board of Regents wrote and authorized a voluntary nondenominational prayer that could be recited by students at the beginning of each school day. In 1958–59 a group of parents that included Steven Engel in Hyde Park, New York, objected to the prayer, which read, “Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country,” and sued the school board president, William Vitale. The prayer, which proponents argued was constitutional because it was voluntary and promoted the free exercise of religion (also protected in the First Amendment), was upheld by New York’s courts, prompting the petitioners to file a successful appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. Engel et al. were supported by the American Civil Liberties Union, and briefs were filed on their behalf by the American Ethical Union and the American Jewish Committee, while the governments of some 20 states called on the U.S. Supreme Court to uphold the prayer.
Oral arguments took place on April 3, 1962. The Supreme Court’s ruling was released on June 25 and found New York’s law unconstitutional by a margin of 6–1 (two justices did not participate in the decision). Hugo L. Black wrote the Supreme Court’s opinion, in which the majority argued “that, by using its public school system to encourage recitation of the Regents’ prayer, the State of New York has adopted a practice wholly inconsistent with the Establishment Clause.” The lone dissent came from Potter Stewart, who argued that the majority had “misapplied a great constitutional principle” and could not understand “how an ‘official religion’ is established by letting those who want to say a prayer say it. On the contrary, I think to deny the wish of these school children to join in reciting this prayer is to deny them the opportunity of sharing in the spiritual heritage of our Nation.” The decision, the first in which the Supreme Court had ruled unconstitutional public school sponsorship of religion, was unpopular with a broad segment of the American public.
Answer:
The 14th amendment extended liberties and rights that were allowed by the Bill of Rights to former enslaved people.
Explanation:
This might not be right but hopefully it helps!
One consequence of the Reagan's administration aid to right-wing El Salvador government was <u>the influx of Salvadoran asylum seekers into the United States</u>. This sparked a large politicized debate over immigration in the U.S. that ultimately helped to shape the legal and political American debate about it.
The Reagan administration's (1981-1989) large military aid to right-wing coup and government in El Salvador served also as legitimization and sustenance of the regime. The El Salvador civil war lasted almost 13 years (1979-1992).
American support of the right-wing government happened through financial aid and military training by American officers. This was a conflict typical of the Cold War so it was driven by red scare. Americans' support of the regime attempted to forestall any type of social revolution based on leftist ideologies, represented by the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front which was fighting against the military coup that started in 1979.
This led to Americans training and supporting a military that tortured thousands of people. One of the Salvadorean strategies against the rebels was to target civilians so they wouldn't support the Liberation Front.
The legitimization happened as the U.S. supported internationally the Salvadorean regime and as American officers took high-level positions in the government.
Manifest destiny was a belief that many Americans had that we should expand and control the land between the atlantic ocean and the pacific ocean. they believed it was our destiny to control this land eventually people believed we should spread the idea of manifest destiny world wide
