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svlad2 [7]
3 years ago
7

Explain why a random copolymer is obtained when 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene undergoes cationic polymerization.

Chemistry
1 answer:
dezoksy [38]3 years ago
8 0

Solution :

In the field of chemistry, the cationic polymerization is a kind of the chain growth polymerization where the cation initiator transfers the charge to the monomer and makes it more reactive. This kind of polymerization reaction is very sensitive to the temperature. With increase in temperature, the molecular weight as well as the reaction rate decreases rapidly.

Thus in the cationic polymerization of the 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, the carbonation intermediate is formed and it rearranges itself. The attack o the 2nd alkene ca take place both the carbonations, so that random copolymer is formed.

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a. 7278 K

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Explanation:

a.

Let´s consider the following reaction.

N₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇄ 2 NO(g)

The reaction is spontaneous when:

ΔG° < 0  [1]

Let's consider a second relation:

ΔG° = ΔH° - T × ΔS° [2]

Combining [1] and [2],

ΔH° - T × ΔS° < 0

ΔH° < T × ΔS°

T > ΔH°/ΔS°

T > (180.5 × 10³ J/mol)/(24.80 J/mol.K)

T >  7278 K

b.

First, we will calculate ΔG° at 25°C + 273.15 = 298 K

ΔG° = ΔH° - T × ΔS°

ΔG° = 180.5 kJ/mol - 298 K × 24.80 × 10⁻³ kJ/mol.K

ΔG° = 173.1 kJ/mol

We can calculate the equilibrium constant using the following expression.

ΔG° = - R × T × lnK

lnK = - ΔG° / R × T

lnK = - 173.1 × 10³ J/mol / (8.314 J/mol.K) × 298 K

K = 4.542 × 10⁻³¹

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7 0
3 years ago
If 8.50 g of phosphorus reacts with hydrogen gas at 2.00 atm in a 10.0-L container at 298 K, calculate the moles of PH3 produced
ahrayia [7]

Answer:

The moles of PH₃ produced are 0.2742 and the total number of moles of gas present at the end of the reaction is 0.6809.

Explanation:

Phosphorus reacts with H₂ according to the balanced equation:

P₄ (s) + 6 H₂ (g) ⇒ 4 PH₃ (g)

By stoichiometry of the reaction (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of each compound participate in the reaction:

  • P₄: 1 mole
  • H₂: 6 moles
  • PH₃:4 moles

Being the molar mass of the compounds:

  • P₄: 124 g/mole
  • H₂: 2 g/mole
  • PH₃: 34 g/mole

The following mass amounts of each compound participate in the reaction:

  • P₄: 1 mole* 124 g/mole= 124 g
  • H₂: 6 mole* 2 g/mole= 12 g
  • PH₃: 4 moles* 34 g/mole= 136 g

An ideal gas is characterized by three state variables: absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between them constitutes the ideal gas law, an equation that relates the three variables if the amount of substance, number of moles n, remains constant and where R is the molar constant of the gases:

P * V = n * R * T

In this case you know:

  • P= 2 atm
  • V= 10 L
  • n= ?
  • R= 0.082 \frac{atm*L}{mol*K}
  • T= 298 K

Replacing:

2 atm*10 L= n*0.082 \frac{atm*L}{mol*K} *298 K

and solving you get:

n=\frac{2 atm*10 L}{0.082\frac{atm*L}{mol*K}*298 K }

n=0.818 moles

The limiting reagent is one that is consumed first in its entirety, determining the amount of product in the reaction. When the limiting reagent is finished, the chemical reaction will stop.

To determine the limiting reagent, you can use a simple rule of three as follows: if 6 moles of H₂ react with 124 g of P₄, 0.818 moles of H₂ with how much mass of P₄ will it react?

mass of P_{4}=\frac{0.818 moles of H_{2}*124 grams of P_{4}}{6 moles of H_{2}}

mass of P₄= 16.90 grams

But 16.90 grams of P₄ are not available, 8.50 grams are available. Since you have less mass than you need to react with 0.818 moles of H₂, phosphorus P₄ will be the limiting reagent.

Then you can apply the following rules of three:

  • If 124 grams of P₄ produce 4 moles of PH₃, 8.50 grams of P₄, how many moles do they produce?

moles of PH_{3} =\frac{8.5 grams of P_{4}*4 moles of PH_{3}  }{124grams of P_{4}}

moles of PH₃=0.2742

  • If 124 grams of P₄ react with 6 moles of H₂, 8.50 grams of P₄ with how many moles of H₂ do they react?

moles of H_{2} =\frac{8.5 grams of P_{4}*6 moles of H_{2}  }{124grams of P_{4}}

moles of H₂= 0.4113

If you have 0.818 moles of H₂, the number of moles of gas H₂ present at the end of the reaction is calculated as:

0.818 - 0.4113= 0.4067

Then the total number of moles of gas present at the end of the reaction will be the sum of the moles of PH₃ gas and H₂ gas that did not react:

0.2742 + 0.4067= 0.6809

Finally, <u><em>the moles of PH₃ produced are 0.2742 and the total number of moles of gas present at the end of the reaction is 0.6809.</em></u>

5 0
3 years ago
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