Explain how a starfish's body plan and anatomy enables invertebrate to perform the essential functions it needs to survive.

1 answer:

3 0

Invertebrates are known as creatures that do not have backbones. Even though these creatures do not have backbones, they have been uniquely designed in order to survive. According to studies, most of these creatures are found in the sea and one of them is the Star Fish or also called as the Sea Star. Starfish's functions and ability to survive is not the same like other animals which make them unique in a different way. The starfish's body is hard and bony for protection purposes and they exist in a variety of colors for camouflage. Their essential functions in order to survive are as follows:
-The Ability to Regenerate: Starfishes have the ability to grow damaged and lost limbs or even their entire body as long as the center part is still present and intact. And this is their way of reproduction as well.
-Having Tube Feet: Its arms are covered with a suction-like tiny cups of tube feet. This unique design of the starfishes enables them to move and secure themselves, especially on rocks and ocean floors.
-Unique Feeding Ability: Sea Stars don't have mouths nor teeth to ingest food. Rather, these creatures have the ability to push open or turn their stomachs out and digest its food. After digestion, their stomachs retract back to their bodies.
-Vascular System: How starfishes survive does not rely on having hearts, brains and blood. Rather, they use the seawater. The seawater serves as the one the circulates inside the sea stars' bodies and this is when nutrients and oxygen are being transported and absorbed.

You might be interested in

Leigh's disease is a mitochondrially inherited disease with symptoms that include seizures, fatigue, impaired reflexes, breathin

Ahat [919]

About the question:

You will find the pedigree in the attached files

Answer:

individual 4 → Affected woman → Black circle
individual 5 → Affected woman or man → Black circle or square
individual 7 → Healthy woman → Empty circle
individual 10 → Affected boy → Black Square

Explanation:

Mitochondrial inheritance is the transmission of a disease or a trait from the maternal line.

Most of the DNI is in the nucleus, but there is also DNI in mitochondria. Sperm cells hardly transfer mitochondrial genes to the progeny, so mitochondrial DNI is mostly inherited from the maternal side. If there exists any mutation in this mitochondrial DNI, the whole progeny of the mutated woman will be affected, as they will get the mother genotype carrying the mutation. On the contrary, if an affected man is carrying a mutation in mitochondrial DNI, non of their descendants will get the disease.

Before answering the question, let us remember the pedigree symbols.

Squares represent Males/Men
Circles represent Females/Women
Empty symbols represent healthy/non-affected individuals
Solid black symbols represent sick/affected individuals

In the exposed pedigree, we can see that the mother is affected by the disease (individual number 2), so all her children are also affected (individuals 4, 5, and 6) because the disease is mitochondrially inherited.

Individual 3 is a healthy man, so individual 4 must be an affected woman (Black circle). As she is the one affected, then all her children will also be affected. This couple had one boy and two girls. Individuals 8 and 9 are girls (circle), so individual 10 must be the affected boy (black square).

On the other hand, individual 6 is an affected man (black square), son of individuals 1 and 2. This man couples with a woman, and they have all healthy children. So this woman (individual 7) must be healthy. Even though the man is affected, all their children are not because their mother (7) is not. Remember that sperm cells do not transmit the mitochondrial genes to the progeny.

And finally, individual number 5 might be either a man or a woman. In any case, this person is also affected by Leigh's disease.

5 0

3 years ago

White eyes in Drosophila melanogaster result from an X‑linked recessive mutation. Occasionally, white‑eyed mutants give rise to

Setler [38]

Answer: A transposable element is introduced into the regulatory region of the eye color gene and causes gene expression to be reduced, which results in white eyes with red spots

6 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

The electrons are outside the nucleus and have a negative charge?

kotykmax [81]

Answer:

Correct!

Explanation:

6 0

3 years ago

Name the four levels of structure of proteins and explain what each level is responsible for adding to the protein structure.

erik [133]

Tertiary Structure - refers to the comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide chain of a protein. There are several types of bonds and forces that hold a protein in its tertiary structure. Hydrophobic interactions greatly contribute to the folding and shaping of a protein. The "R" group of the amino acid is either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The amino acids with hydrophilic "R" groups will seek contact with their aqueous environment, while amino acids with hydrophobic "R" groups will seek to avoid water and position themselves towards the center of the protein. Hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide chain and between amino acid "R" groups helps to stabilize protein structure by holding the protein in the shape established by the hydrophobic interactions. Due to protein folding, ionic bonding can occur between the positively and negatively charged "R" groups that come in close contact with one another. Folding can also result in covalent bonding between the "R" groups of cysteine amino acids. This type of bonding forms what is called a disulfide bridge. Primary Structure - describes the unique order in which amino acids are linked together to form a protein. Proteins are constructed from a set of 20 amino acids. All amino acids have the alpha carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and amino group. The "R" group varies among amino acids and determines the differences between these protein monomers. The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the information found in the cellulargenetic code. The order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is unique and specific to a particular protein. Altering a single amino acid causes a gene mutation, which most often results in a non-functioning protein.
Secondary Structure - refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape. There are two types of secondary structures observed in proteins. One type is the alpha (α) helix structure. This structure resembles a coiled spring and is secured by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide chain. The second type of secondary structure in proteins is the beta (β) pleated sheet. This structure appears to be folded or pleated and is held together by hydrogen bonding between polypeptide units of the folded chain that lie adjacent to one another.
Quaternary Structure - refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. Proteins with quaternary structure may consist of more than one of the same type of protein subunit. They may also be composed of different subunits. Hemoglobin is an example of a protein with quaternary structure. Hemoglobin, found in the blood, is an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen molecules. It contains four subunits: two alpha subunits and two beta subunits.

I hope this helped you find the answer you were looking for!

3 0

3 years ago

Why do you think leewenhoek was excited about what he saw

Svet_ta [14]

Answer:

what kind of quastion is this

Explanation:

5 0

3 years ago