At the preconventional level of moral development, a person's choice between right or wrong is based on personal consequences from outside sources, such as physical punishment, reward, or exchange of favors.

<h3><u>Explanation:</u></h3>

There are three levels of moral development which was stated by Kohlberg. They are pre conventional, conventional and post conventional. In the level called the pre conventional level of moral development the sense of morality of an individual will be controlled by the external factors. They believe on what the persons who serve as an authority to them.

Those persons may be either parents or teachers. Those persons at pre conventional level or moral development can not find what is right and what is wrong on their own. They always depend on what the external factors such as parents or teachers makes them feel what is right and wrong and the consequences of the actions that can be realized.

6 0

3 years ago

If Vm were clamped at -40 mV, what would the driving force be for Na+ to cross the cell membrane? What would be the driving forc

Helga [31]

Answer:

-35 mV and +56 mV

Explanation:

The membrane potential is the energy that is needed to drive membrane changes across the phospholipid bi-layer membrane.

Ions can move in and out of the cell through protein channels. The movement of the ions is as a result of concentration that affect the operation of ion gates.

The reverse potential is given by the Nernst equation:

$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} ln\frac{ion_{outside} }{ion_{inside} }$

where, R = gas constant

T = temperature (Kelvin)

z = ion charge

F = Faraday's charge

The potential is calculated and the result is -35 mV and +56 mV respectively.

4 0

3 years ago