Answer: anagenesis
Explanation:
Evolution in this species has occured within the lineage of a single population
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The answer is b the viral envelopes subdivided to cap some res in some viruses
Answer:
When patient takes in antibiotics the resistance bacteria gets a competitive survival advantage over the normal sensitive bacteria and hence grows faster.
Explanation:
- Bacteria can acquire resistance by taking in plasmids containing MDR (Multi-Drug Resistance) gene cassettes. The MDR genes produces proteins that can:
- Render the antibiotic ineffective to act on its target by inducing chemical modifications on the drug.
- Promote efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell so that the drug cannot act upon its target.
- When a healthy person ( having no prior exposure to the antibiotic) is infected by bacteria ( both sensitive and resistant varieties):
- A competition develops for the host cells and nutrients between the sensitive and the resistant variety.
- This mutual competition restricts either of the sensitive or resistant bacterial strain to grow profusely.
- When a person (having prior antibiotic exposure), gets infected by bacteria ( both sensitive and resistant varieties) and is exposed to the same antibiotic:
- The sensitive variety, due to its sensitivity towards the drug, gets killed.
- The resistant variety, due to its MDR genes, bypasses the lethal effect of the drug and survives.
- These surviving resistant bacteria can now infect all the available host cells and utilise all the available nutrients without facing any competition and multiply rapidly.
Answer:
No oxygen is required.
Explanation:
This pathway for forming ATP needs no oxygen and the ATP that is produced are in very low concentration. The low amount of ATP production occurs when the cell goes for anaerobic respiration in which the cell produces less ATP. This type of ATP production occurs only when the body requires ATP quickly so that's why the body uses this type of respiration during exercise and running activities etc.