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lilavasa [31]
3 years ago
9

Over the past 800,000 years, what is true about the pattern of climate during glacial-interglacial cycles?

Biology
2 answers:
Dmitrij [34]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Explanation:

The history of humanity from the initial appearance of genus Homo over 2,000,000 years ago to the advent and expansion of the modern human bieings that we are today evoled   from many  years ago some say from the begining of time— it is connected to climate variation and change. Human biens  has experienced nearly two full glacial-interglacial cycles, but its global geographical expansion, massive population increase, cultural diversification, and worldwide ecological domination began only during the last glacial period and accelerated during the last glacial-interglacial transition. The first bipedal apes appeared in a time of climatic transition and variation, and Homo erectus, an extinct species possibly ancestral to modern humans, originated during the colder Pleistocene Epoch and survived both the transition period and multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Thus, it can be said that climate variation has been the midwife of humanity and its various cultures and civilizations.

Ugo [173]3 years ago
5 0

Answer: involve rapid, nonlinear, reactions of ice volume, CO2, and temperature to external astronomical forcing. The precise timing of events may be modulated by millennial‐scale climate change that can lead to a contrasting timing of maximum interglacial intensity in each hemisphere. A variety of temporal trends is observed, such that maxima in the main records are observed either early or late in different interglacials. The end of an interglacial (glacial inception) is a slower process involving a global sequence of changes. Interglacials have been typically 10–30 ka long. The combination of minimal reduction in northern summer insolation over the next few orbital cycles, owing to low eccentricity, and high atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations implies that the next glacial inception is many tens of millennia in the future.

1 Introduction—Interglacials of the Last 800 ka

Earth's climate of the last 800 ka (1 ka = 1000 years) is the latest stage in a slow cooling that has been in progress for the last ~50 Ma (1 Ma = 1 million years) [Zachos et al., 2008]. During this cooling, ice sheets formed on the Antarctic continent ~40 Ma ago, while the first signs of Northern Hemisphere (NH) glaciation appeared much more recently. Only at the start of the Quaternary Period and the Pleistocene Epoch, ~2.6 Ma ago, did alternations between cold glacial periods with ice on the NH continents, and warmer intervals with little or no NH continental ice, first appear, reflected in the appearance of ice‐rafted debris

Explanation:

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Explanation:

The resting membrane potential is balanced by ion leakage and ion pumping, to get an electrical signal started the membrane potential has to lose its balance. This starts with a membrane channel opening for Na+ since Na+ concentration is higher outside the cell, ions will rush into the cell. This will change the relative voltage inside the cell. The resting potential has a voltage of -70 mV, the sodium cation entering the cell cause it to become less negative. <em>This is known as depolarization.</em>

The concentration gradient for Na+ will continue to enter the cell making the voltage to become positive reaching +30 mV. At the same time, this happens, other voltage-gated channels are also opening, a concentration gradient acts on K+, as well, as it leaves the cell, it takes a positive charge with it making the membrane potential to move back to its resting voltage of -70 mV. <em>This is called repolarization. </em>

For potassium ions to reach equilibrium the membrane voltage needs to be below -70 mV, this leads to a period of <em>hyperpolarization</em> that occurs while the K+ channels are open.

I annexed an image that illustrates this action potential process.

<em>Considering the information given during depolarization there's an increase in the number of sodium leak channels (7) making the inside of the cell more positive (2) increase in the membrane potential (4), this also implies a decrease in the extracellular concentration of potassium (6)</em>

<em>Meanwhile, during hyperpolarization an increase in the extracellular concentration of potassium (3) decreases the membrane potential (1) making the inside of the cell more negative (5).</em>

I hope you find this information useful and interesting! Good luck!<em>       </em>

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