<u>Answer:</u>
- few nutrients
- high pressure
- low temperatures
<u>Explanation:</u>
1. Few nutrients: open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.
2. High pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.
3. Ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface.
4. Varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.
5. Low temperatures: the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°C to an average of 17°C.
. It can lead to changes in allele frequencies and the evolution oftraits.
Neural control of GFR is mediated by Sympathetic neurons that innervate alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing Vasoconstriction.
<h3>How is GFR regulated?</h3>
- The sympathetic division of the nervous system regulates the GFR or Glomerular Filtration Rate.
- GFR is the sum total of filtration rates of all the working nephrons in the kidney.
- Sympathetic division comes into action when the mean arterial pressure is very low (below 80mmHg).
- In response to low blood pressure, the medulla releases norepinephrine through sympathetic nerves.
- Norepinephrine leads to activation of alpha receptors on arteries which cause vasoconstriction.
- Alpha receptors are more abundant on afferent arterioles.
- This leads to vasoconstriction (narrowing) of arteries supplying to the glomerulus.
- This decreases blood flow to glomerulus, leading to decrease in GFR.
Learn more about Glomerular Filtration Rate here:
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Answer:
the answer is B Rheumatoid arthritis
Explanation:
