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The humble sunflower appears not quite of this earth. Its yellow crowned head sits atop its stalk like a green broomstick. Its seeds, arranged in a logarithmic spiral, are produced by tiny flowers called disc florets that emerge from the center of its head and radiate outward. But aside from being a biological marvel, the sunflower is also often in the scientific spotlight.
From understanding how new plant species emerge to studying “solar tracking,” which is how the flowers align themselves with the sun’s position in the sky, sunflowers are a darling in the field of science. However, researchers can only get so far in understanding a plant without detailed genetic knowledge. And after close to a decade, it has finally unfurled itself.An international consortium of 59 researchers who set their sights on the laborious task of sequencing and assembling the sunflower’s genome published their results in a 2017 study in Nature. This achievement will provide a genetic basis for understanding how the sunflower responds and adapts to different environments. “We are on the cusp of understanding sunflower adaptability,” says Loren Rieseberg, a leading sunflower expert at the University of British Columbia and a supervisor of this study.
With its genome assembled, scientists are hopeful for the next phase of the sunflower’s scientific career: as a “model crop” for studying climate adaptability in plants. This task is more complex and urgent now than ever. Climate change, according to a paper in the Annals of Botany, “will influence all aspects of plant biology over the coming decades,” posing a threat to crops and wild plants alike.
They mainly target airway epithelial cells
No. Ionic bonds form when atoms with opposite charges bond with one another. Atoms develop charges by gaining or losing electrons. For a given element, the atoms will (usually) have a tendency to gain OR lose a particular number of electrons, so they can only form ions of a particular charge that is either positive or negative.
Water molecules are polar. This means that one end of the molecule is positively charged, while the other is negatively charged. Opposite charges attract. Water molecules on the faucet that are eventually pulled away from the others by gravity will themselves pull together and form round drops because the charged portions of molecule attract the oppositely charged portions of another.
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Cheating on questions is irresponsible behavior
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