Answer:
One tradeoff is between number of offspring produced and the amount of energy (both physical resources and parental care) put into each offspring.
If a fox and an eagle eat some of the same organisms in an ecosystem, the relationship between the fox and the eagle could be classified as competition. Competition both within and between species is an important topic in ecology, especially community ecology. It is one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure. It is a major affecting the availability of resources in an ecosystem is the density of individuals, or the number of organisms living in a certain area.
Answer:d) contracting her pupils and increasing secretion of stress hormones.
Explanation:
Peripheral nervous system consists of 3 major neuronal levels: vegetative (reticular formation and brain stem), limbic system and neocortical level. The RAS is the link between the brain and the spinal cord.
Brain stem consists of pons, medulla oblongata and mesencephalon. Brain stem is responsible for involuntary functions such as heart beat, respiration and vasomotor activity. Limbic system represents the emotional control center. It consists of thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis. Neocortical part processes sensory information and regulates emotional responses.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates visceral activities and organs (circulation, digestion, respiration and temperature). ANS has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.Parasympathetic nervous system regulates homeostasis via the release of acetylcholine (Ach). Parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for energy conservation and relaxation.
There are three stages in the stress response: immediate effects of stress, intermediate effects of stress and prolonged effects of stress.