Answer:
A. Protein Spikes
Explanation:
A viruses are defined as the quintessential parasites in the living world. They are a chain of the nucleic acids that lives in a host cell. Without the host cell, all the viruses cannot carry out their life sustaining activities or functions. They are always housed in a protein layer or a protein coat. All the viruses contains the RNA or the DNA. The protein spikes which is on the outside of a virus are "sticky" and they are attracted to the specific molecules of the outside of an animal cells.
The problem which led to the bursting of the cell is osmosis. This is specifically due to endosmosis which occurs because the cell failed to maintain its internal environment and thus expands and bursts.
Potassium ions are essential for cellular metabolism. Potassium ions are necessary for regulation of membrane potential and polarization and depolarization of the cell membrane. If a cell has too much potassium ions, the inside of the cell becomes hypertonic, with respect to its surrounding. This destabilizes the internal environment and leads to water entering the cell(endosmosis). As endosmosis occurs the cell starts to expand due to excessive water. This leads to expansion and tears and cracks in the cell. The further expansion of the cell leads to the bursting of the cell or lysis of the cell.
Learn more about osmosis here-
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The most likely result would be that the placenta wouldn’t be strong enough to support a pregnancy and would result in a miscarriage or infertility
Answer:
1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).
2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).
Explanation:
In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.
<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro <em>Val</em> Glu Lys Ser
When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.
