The answer is c and that comes from personal experience
In 98 BC Rome expelled all non-Roman citizens (except slaves). It was a time in Rome when the non-Romans were not allowed to stay in the city unless they were slaves. Rome was a place of religion and history no foreign outsiders were allowed.
Federalism limited the powers of government in the United States in that it created two sovereigns, the state government and the federal government which must share power.
They had a colonial assembly-elected legislature.