From the 11th to 13th centuries, medieval Europe<span> absorbed knowledge from </span>Islamic civilization<span>, which was then at its cultural peak. Of particular importance was the </span>rediscovery of some ancient classic texts<span>, most notably the work of the </span>Greek natural philosopher Aristotle<span>, through retranslations from </span>Arabic<span>. Also of note is the reception of advances in </span>astronomy<span> and </span>mathematics<span> made in the Islamic world during the 10th century, such as the development of the </span>astrolabe<span>.</span>
<span>Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to visit a foreign country</span>
"There are assignees, assignors, and obligors."
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, English seafarers were often involved in attacks on Spanish treasure ships and on trading settlements in the Americas. These were carried out with Queen Elizabeth I’s encouragement, in an attempt to weaken the power of Spain rather than capture the empire. England’s main concern was the threat of invasion by Spain, and after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, England could feel secure. Gradually England started to look to expand her own empire in North America, leaving South America to Spain and Portugal.
Made money and helped the economy create things with paper such as books and other paper products
