Answer:
B. identifying the regions of human DNA that are transcribed into RNA
C. identifying the regions of human DNA that bind to proteins
D. analyzing the regions of human DNA that vary among individuals
Explanation:
The double helix structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule was characterized and published in April 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson. Moreover, the Human Genome Project was a project aimed at completing mapping and sequencing of the human genome. This project was completed and published in April 2003. Nowadays, scientists are focused on identifying which genes are expressed (i.e., transcribed into RNA) in specific cell types/tissues. For this purpose, it is imperative 1-to identify the promoter and enhancer regions that bind to specific proteins (transcription factors) in order to activate gene expression, and 2-to understand how genetic variation is related to gene expression patterns in specific cell types and/or in response to specific environmental stimuli.
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer:
the amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.
The process of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of the cell. It the process in which, carbohydrates are synthesized in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen.
Respiration is a process in which the oxidation of organic compounds like the carbohydrates takes place in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria is the site of respiration. The process of photosynthesis and respiration form a continuous cycle as the product of one process serves as a precursor for the other process.
In the image given, the box 2 represents oxygen which is a requirement for the process of respiration. Similarly the box 4 represents carbon dioxide which is a requirement for the process of photosynthesis. Mitochondria is called the power house of a cell as it is the source of energy for all the life processes of the cell. The box 3 represents the energy currency of the cell called the adenosine triphosphate or the ATP.
Answer:
The correct answer is -
1 - The stimulus is received by sensory receptors.
2 - Sensory neurons carry stimulus information to the brain or spinal cord.
3 - The brain processes the information through interneurons.
4 - Interneurons transfer response information to motor neurons.
5 - Motor neurons cause muscles to contract so the body can react to the stimulus.
Explanation:
In most of the organism including humans body response according to the stimulus it receives. The stimulus is received by the sensory receptors to the sensory neurons or afferent neurons that are present on the skin, nose tongue ears, or eyes. Many other receptors and pain receptors present on various internal organs as well.
These sensory neurons carry the stimulus to the spinal cord or brain where this information received by the stimulus process through interneurons and transfer the response of the particular stimulus to the motor neurons. These motor neurons result in muscles contracts so the body can react.
