Answer:
The equivalent equation is 
Step-by-step explanation:
p is given by the following relation:

And we are given the following equation:

On the right side, we can simplify. So

Replacing
by p, the equation is:

9514 1404 393
Answer:
We are absolutely certain that the event will occur
Step-by-step explanation:
An event with probability 1 is certain to occur. There is no chance it will not occur.
We are absolutely certain that the event will occur.
I'm pretty sure the answer is -3