Fats must be broken down into fatty acids before being converted into glucose. Lipids are known as the back up energy source. They are used to make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
Answer;
Antibodies.
The human immune system fights infection by releasing antibodies.
Explanation;
The immune system acts to defend the body against pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi that may cause a disease.
It does so using various types of mechanism, one is by the production of antibodies.
Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the B-cell and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens.
These antibodies also activates proteins known as complements which assist in the killing of bacteria, viruses and the infected cells.
Growth factors are hormones, proteins, or steroid molecules that regulate many cellular functions. They can stimulate the cell division by giving the signal to the cell to progress in the cell cycle.
<u>Explanation</u>:
Growth factors are naturally produced within the body and travels through the body to bind to their receptors present on their target cells. These growth factors are capable of signalling the cell to divide, proliferate, or heel. Their main aim is to signal or tell other cell when to do and what to do. Due to the binding with the receptors the growth factors activates specific genes.
Answer:
The animals present body structure is due to evolution. It is seen in each part including the structure of the heart. The vertebrate heart becomes complex from a simpler form.
Invertebrates, the heart of fishes is two-chambered having one auricle and one ventricle. The deoxygenated blood gets purified in the gills. They are aquatic and no lungs for breathing. The hearts pump a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the body.
The amphibians and reptiles have 3 chambered heart as they lead terrestrial mode of life. The gills modified into the lungs. The left auricle receives pure blood and the right auricle receives deoxygenated blood. The blood purified in the lungs and in the ventricle, both types of blood get a mix. The ventricle pumps the mixed-blood throughout the body.
In the case of birds and mammal, the heart is 4 chambered and the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separated. These two are higher vertebrates. No mix of pure and impure blood, the body receives only the oxygenated blood.
This shows to construct the phylogenetic tree of vertebrates - the fishes should be in the bottom, and above it amphibians, reptiles, then, mammals and birds on the top branch of the tree. As the chambers and structure of the hearts modified one after another.
Answer:
C.Both Gram positive and Gram negative cells would appear purple.
Explanation:
Gram staining is a technique used to differentiate bacteria to two main groups based on their difference in cell wall components.
Crystal violet, decolorizer(ethanol) and a counter stain are used.
Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer hence they will retain the crystal Violet stain even after decolorization. They will stain purple
Gram negative will stain pink due to losing the initial stain and taking up the counter stain after decolorization.
Therefore, if water is used instead of ethanol. Both bacteria will retain crystal violet stain in their cell wall.
