Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
In these reactions the function of the acid is to produce a protonated alcohol. The halide ion then displaces a molecule of water (a good leaving group) from carbon; this produces an alkyl halide:
Again, acid is required. Although halide ions (particularly iodide and bromide ions) are strong nucleophiles, they are not strong enough to carry out substitution reactions with alcohols themselves. Direct displacement of the hydroxyl group does not occur because the leaving group would have to be a strongly basic hydroxide ion:
We can see now why the reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides are acid-promoted.
Carbocation rearrangements are extremely common in organic chemistry reactions are are defined as the movement of a carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state through the use of various structural reorganizational "shifts" within the molecule. Once the carbocation has shifted over to a different carbon, we can say that there is a structural isomer of the initial molecule. However, this phenomenon is not as simple as it sounds.
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Answer:
250mL volumetric flask
Explanation:
A beaker is a cylindrical glass or plastic vessel used for holding liquids. Its principal use is not measuring volumes with accuracy
An erlenmeyer flask is used to mixing or stirring solutions, is not used to measure volumes.
A volumetric flask is a glass instrument used in lab that is <em>calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature. </em>
That means if you want to make a solution with accuracy you must use a <em>250mL volumetric flask</em>.
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Answer:
105Comprendes las leyes de la electricidadAprende másClasificación de los materialesUn medio o material que permite el movimiento de las cargas eléctricas (electrones) en respuesta a una fuerza eléctrica, se denomina conductor. Los materiales conductores son los que se pueden electrizar en toda su superficie, debido a que los electrones se mueven libremente. Los metales por lo general son buenos conductores de la electricidad.El flujo de las partículas cargadas es lo que se conoce como corriente eléctrica. Las partículas cargadas en una cierta dirección de un conductor chocan con los átomos, produciendo una pérdida de energía que se manifiesta en forma de calor.Una medida de oposición que presentan las partículas cargadas al moverse libre-mente en una cierta dirección de un material conductor es lo que se conoce como resistencia eléctrica.Los materiales que no permiten que las partículas cargadas se muevan hacia otra región del material a una fuerza eléctrica, son llamados aislantespor ejemplo, la madera.Existen otros tipos de materiales cuyas propiedades son intermedias entre los conductores y aislantes; se llaman semiconductores.Algunos ejemplos de materiales con estas características son:
Explanation:
Answer:
O=O bond
Explanation:-
Note it down that the bond having highest Hydrogen enthalpy has strongest bond.
Now
- O=O(495KJ/mol)
- O-O(146KJ/mol)
- O-H(467KJ/mol)
- H-H(432KJ/mol)
Hence
Answer: Time required to deposit an even layer of gold with given thickness is sec.
Explanation:
The given data is as follows.
Surface area = 49.8 ,
Density of gold = 19.3 ,
Current = 3.15 A, thickness of gold layer =
It is known that relation between volume, area and thickness is as follows.
V = Surface area × Thickness
=
= 0.05988
Therefore, we will calculate the time required to deposit an even layer of gold with given thickness is calculated as follows.
= sec
Thus, we can conclude that time required to deposit an even layer of gold with given thickness is sec.