The answer is the first one.
In "Writers often disavow the notion of a 'literary duty'" the author conveys a somewhat condescending attitude, as if they would always follow this and set aside anyone who said otherwise. This attitude says the author is looking down on them, and that the author believes that many authors do not meet their standards.
Another answer I would consider is "...writers ruined by their shrill commitments." However, there is no context or clear tone. The author could be mournful of the lost potential for all we know.
Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often. Adverbs of time are invariable. They are extremely common in English. Adverbs of time have standard positions in a sentence depending on what the adverb of time is telling us
Demolish or obliverate. demolish sounds better though
- "Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman?"
- "I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? "
- "I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?"
With these three sentences, she is appealing to the audience about the disparities between men and women, that there is no equality as the man said.
Sojourner Truth, (1797–1883), was born into slavery in New York State. Some time after gaining her freedom in 1827, she became a well known anti-slavery speaker.
