The pigments have a similar
structure of 40 carbon atoms covalently bonded in a chain. Carotenoids contain oxygen atoms in their chemical structure (retinyl functional group) while
xanthophyll does not. This makes carotenoids more non-polar compared to xanthophylls,
hence move farthest in chromatography
paper using a nonpolar mobile phase. Chlorophyll
pigment, on the other hand, has chlorin rings (which are larger) as functional
units hence move slowly in chromatography.
Photosynthetic rates
can be measured by either the amount of
oxygen they consume per particular time period
or the amount of carbon dioxide produced per particular time period. This
is conducted while immersed in water so
as to measure bubble rate formation in case of oxygen production or the change
in water pH in the case of carbon dioxide consumption.
When autumn approaches, the amount
sunlight received by the plant is reduced due to longer night than days. Deciduous trees have adapted by losing
chlorophyll a and b pigments (most important in photosynthesis)
during this time. This leaves a higher amount of the other red and yellow pigments hence making the leaves change from
green to yellow-red.
It is believed that this
is the result of an ancient endosymbiotic
relationship between a protist and a
eukaryotic cell. The protist generates energy
that the eukaryotic can utilize in its growth and reproduction while
the protist is sheltered. This relationship became obligatory symbiosis over
time.
Describe<span> the physical </span>properties of the Sun<span> (sunspot cycles, solar flares, prominences, layers of the </span>Sun<span>, coronal mass ejections, and nuclear reactions) and the impact of the </span>Sun<span> as the main source of external energy for the Earth</span>
Photosynthetic organisms, also known as photoautotrophs, are organisms that are capable of photosynthesis. Some of these organisms include higher plants, some protists (algae and euglena), and bacteria
c) autotrophs only
There are 2 functions for cell surface markers. The first is to recognize the outside cell. The second is to allow the cell to bind to substances outside the cell.
Cell surface markers are proteins expressed on the surface of cells that often conveniently serve as markers of specific cell types. There are different types of cell surface markers. These markers are vital for the human body to function. These markers also vitally affect the functions of other biological systems of other organisms and creatures such as animals.
