Answer:
D. The two students who have two fragments have one restriction site in this region.
Explanation:
The DNA samples from the cheek cells were subjected to digestion with a restriction enzyme. This enzyme is an endonuclease and cuts the DNA at a specific sequence only. This sequence is called a restriction site. If the restriction site is not present in the sample DNA, the restriction enzyme cannot cut it. The presence of one restriction site in the sample DNA would cut it into two DNA fragments.
Similarly, the presence of two restriction sites in each DNA molecule would obtain a total of three DNA fragments per DNA molecule.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option A.
Explanation:
The bacteria organize its genetic material in the single circular chromosome suspended in the cytosol along with additional circular double-stranded DNA molecule called plasmid.
The plasmid is present as a separate structure in the cytoplasm which performs important functions during stressful conditions in the bacteria like providing antibiotic resistance to the bacteria, formation of filial factors during conjugation and many others.
The plasmid which confers resistant to the bacteria is known as the R-plasmid. The R-plasmid consists of r-determinants which confers antibiotic resistance to the bacteria and resistance transfer factor (RTF) which helps in plasmid transfer.
Thus, option A is the correct answer.
Latitude influences your weather by determining which type of weather systems will cross the area and how frequently, elevation influences your weather because higher elevations have lower air pressure than lower elevations, thus allowing the air to be colder on average. Local geography influences your weather due to different areas being nearby mountain ranges, bodies of water, and other things that can create or dissimilate different weather systems.
Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm
Answer:
Postabsorptive state
Explanation:
This is the state where food has been digested, absorbed, and stored. While in this state, the body relies on the stored glycogen in the body. This state is also known as the "fasting state."
