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kherson [118]
3 years ago
5

What might be an advantage of having more than one codon for the same amino acid?

Biology
1 answer:
dezoksy [38]3 years ago
8 0
The extra codons mean the code is more resilient- small errors can still result in the same protein being produced. The other advantage is that in some cases, a single strand of genetic material might code for more than one protein or enzyme, depending on how it is read. This means that one method of reading will produce the same output, but the second or third method of reading (starting from a different place on the strand) can produce other, entirely different materials. This concept is like a palimpsest.
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List the three parts of the brain involved in memory processing and explain what role they play.
igomit [66]

THE AMYGDALA

First, let’s look at the role of the amygdala in memory formation. The main job of the amygdala is to regulate emotions, such as fear and aggression link. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones. For example, one researcher experimented with rats and the fear response . Using Pavlovian conditioning, a neutral tone was paired with a foot shock to the rats. This produced a fear memory in the rats. After being conditioned, each time they heard the tone, they would freeze (a defense response in rats), indicating a memory for the impending shock. Then the researchers induced cell death in neurons in the lateral amygdala, which is the specific area of the brain responsible for fear memories. They found the fear memory faded (became extinct). Because of its role in processing emotional information, the amygdala is also involved in memory consolidation: the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory. The amygdala seems to facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing.

In this TED Talk called “A Mouse. A Laser Beam. A Manipulated Memory,” Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu from MIT talk about using laser beams to manipulate fear memory in rats. Find out why their work caused a media frenzy once it was published in Science.

THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Another group of researchers also experimented with rats to learn how the hippocampus functions in memory processing ([link]). They created lesions in the hippocampi of the rats, and found that the rats demonstrated memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running. They concluded that the hippocampus is involved in memory, specifically normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory (when the memory tasks are like recall tests) (Clark, Zola, & Squire, 2000). Another job of the hippocampus is to project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories. It also plays a part in memory consolidation: the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Injury to this area leaves us unable to process new declarative memories. One famous patient, known for years only as H. M., had both his left and right temporal lobes (hippocampi) removed in an attempt to help control the seizures he had been suffering from for years (Corkin, Amaral, González, Johnson, & Hyman, 1997). As a result, his declarative memory was significantly affected, and he could not form new semantic knowledge. He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery.

THE CEREBELLUM AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Although the hippocampus seems to be more of a processing area for explicit memories, you could still lose it and be able to create implicit memories (procedural memory, motor learning, and classical conditioning), thanks to your cerebellum ([link]). For example, one classical conditioning experiment is to accustom subjects to blink when they are given a puff of air. When researchers damaged the cerebellums of rabbits, they discovered that the rabbits were not able to learn the conditioned eye-blink response (Steinmetz, 1999; Green & Woodruff-Pak, 2000).

Other researchers have used brain scans, including positron emission tomography (PET) scans, to learn how people process and retain information. From these studies, it seems the prefrontal cortex is involved. In one study, participants had to complete two different tasks: either looking for the letter a in words (considered a perceptual task) or categorizing a noun as either living or non-living (considered a semantic task) (Kapur et al., 1994). Participants were then asked which words they had previously seen. Recall was much better for the semantic task than for the perceptual task. According to PET scans, there was much more activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex in the semantic task. In another study, encoding was associated with left frontal activity, while retrieval of information was associated with the right frontal region.

Please Note: I did get most of this from google.

6 0
3 years ago
Which of the following statements is true?
erma4kov [3.2K]

Answer:

The answer is the last one.

Explanation:

becouse not all organisms have same cell structure for example the plant cell has organelles and structures that are different from animal cells..there you go.

4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Water freezes in the cracks of rocks and then expands, breaking the rocks apart. This is an example of ___________ weathering.
dlinn [17]
It could be because of the cold wheather
7 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Which function does mitosis have serve for a cell?
Aneli [31]
The correct option is C.
The process of mitosis helps the cell to copy its DNA in order to produce a complete set of genes that will be passed to each of the new daughter cells that will be formed. Mitosis is a major biological process by which living organisms produce daughter cells that are genetically identical.<span />
3 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
A patient can't move his legs after a motorcycle accident. The doctor suspects nerve damage. What part of the peripheral nervous
spayn [35]

Motor neuron is the part of the peripheral nervous system that could be injured.

 

<span>A </span>motor neuron<span> (or motoneuron) is a nerve cell (</span>neuron) whose cell body is located in the spinal cord and whose fiber (axon) projects outside the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.

 

The correct answer between all the choices given is the first choice or letter A. I am hoping that this answer has satisfied your query and it will be able to help you in your endeavor, and if you would like, feel free to ask another question.

8 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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