A cupcake is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas a certificate of achievement given to a student is an example of a secondary reinforcer. The primary reinforcers occur naturally and do not need to be learned. Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are basic examples of primary reinforcers. Secondary reinforsers on the other hand are conditioned and require association with these innate reinforcers before they can produce a response.
The best answer — and correct answer — is: [C]:
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→ " scientific study of behavior and mental processes " .
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Hope this helps!
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I believe the answer is A. All of these. I hope this helps you.
Answer:
Secular trend
Explanation:
A secular trend is phenomenon that describes the consistency of a variable pattern over a long period of times. The consistency could either be an increase or decrease. It can be identified regardless of the season, because it has been stable over time. Secular trend is seen in epidemiology, business, growth and so on.
For example, in growth, for over a prolonged time, secular trend has been identified in the onset of puberty in both girls and boys. For the past two decades, puberty have been seen to have an early onset in boys and girls and this continues to increase with time.