The executive branch is responsible for developing and implementing foreign policy. The National Security Council (NSC), the CIA, the Departments of State and Defense, are the main institutions for making policy.
What are the National Security Council (NSC), the CIA, the Departments of State and Defense?
The War Department, the Department of the Navy, and the U.S. Air Force were combined to become the Defense Department in 1949. The secretary of defense can have a significant impact on foreign policy. The president receives guidance on military planning and strategy from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which consists of the four chiefs of staff of the armed services and a chairperson.
The president and vice president, the secretaries of state and defense, the director of the CIA, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (the armed services' leadership council), as well as about a dozen other government officials, make up the National Security Council (NSC), which is led by the national security advisor. The council is in charge of giving the president foreign policy advice. The NSC's function changes depending on the administration. Nixon, who was quite educated about international issues, depended heavily on the NSC. Indeed, Henry Kissinger, his national security adviser, was directly involved in establishing ties with the People's Republic of China and represented the US in talks to end the Vietnam War.
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Answer:
ExWhen the judges don’t like the precedent, they can usually find a way around it. If it is an appellate court, one which issued the prior decision, they can always overturn that decision if they have good reason to. For example, Federal Courts of Appeals sometimes make rulings which affect millions of people in several states, and those rulings sometimes cause unexpected and unwanted consequences. The next time the same issue comes before the same court, they could “clarify” their prior ruling, or “distinguish” the new case from the old, or explicitly “overturn” the old case.
The doctrine of stare decisis, which suggests that Courts should, when feasible, uphold prior decisions, especially when people rely on the certainty of settled law, is not binding, but advisory. So if a court sees a real need to revisit and change its earlier decision, they can.
For lower courts, it can be a little trickier: they are required to obey the rulings of higher courts. Still, even municipal or magistrate courts which hear misdemeanors and city ordinance cases will sometimes try to get around a precedent they don’t agree with, especially if it would cause (in their not-so-humble opinion) an injustice. Since they don’t have the authority to simply disregard the prior decision, they have to express their decision in language which allows them to say that the case in front of them is sufficiently different from the prior case that the rule doesn’t apply. This is often a stretch, and is likely to be struck down if appealed, but very few people at this lower court level can afford the fees necessary to pursue an appeal.
At its root, however, disregard of precedent stems from a judge’s personal or political opinion that the prior decision is wrong. planation
Answer:
original jurisdiction is when the court has the right to hear the specific case first. appellate jurisdiction is when the court hears an appeal from a court of original jurisdiction.
Explanation:
Instead of a predetermined length of time, an indeterminate sentence has a definite minimum and maximum term of incarceration.
In terms of the law, a "indeterminate sentence" is a term of imprisonment with no set end date but a permitted maximum. The parole authority chooses who is qualified for parole. In this regard incarceration, an indeterminate sentence varies from a definite one in that regulations dictating the latter typically provide for parole eligibility after a specific percentage of the complete term—in most nations, from one-half to two-thirds of the initial sentence.
During the last quarter of the 19th century's reformatory movement, indeterminate sentence were invented. Rather than a sentence handed down by a judge, release was based on how well the incarceration training program was going. As of right now, the parole authorities, field parole officers, and prison staff are the ones that propose a person be released on parole after serving an indeterminate sentence.
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Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Logically, as the name implies, it is the highest legal institution. it has power over all law courts, its decision is final