Substitute 1 for d. d+18=1+18=19
I assume each path is oriented positively/counterclockwise.
(a) Parameterize by
with . Then the line element is
and the integral reduces to
The integrand is symmetric about , so
Substitute and . Then we get
(b) Parameterize by
with . Then
and
Integrate by parts with
(c) Parameterize by
with . Then
and
Lne equals 1 because they cancel each other out. e is the base of ln.
For example: log has a base of 10, log10 = 1
D is the answer because all you have to do is solve