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antoniya [11.8K]
3 years ago
14

Help plsss

Biology
1 answer:
Margarita [4]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. Classified as a halogen, Fluorine is a gas at room temperature.

symbols are abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical element

Explanation:

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Name six kind of seedless plants
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Ferns<span>, </span>horsetails<span>, </span>mosses<span>, and </span><span>liverworts, flowers, mint</span>
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3 years ago
If mrna codons are aug, ggu and cag, what three codons of trna will attach?
Artemon [7]

Source : Net

* it signals the start of translation  

* it codes for the incorporation of the amino acid methionine (Met) into the growing polypeptide chain  

The genetic code can be expressed as either RNA codons or DNA codons. RNA codons occur in messenger RNA (mRNA) and are the codons that are actually "read" during the synthesis of polypeptides (the process called translation). But each mRNA molecule acquires its sequence of nucleotides by transcription from the corresponding gene. Because DNA sequencing has become so rapid and because most genes are now being discovered at the level of DNA before they are discovered as mRNA or as a protein product, it is extremely useful to have a table of codons expressed as DNA. So here are both.  

Note that for each table, the left-hand column gives the first nucleotide of the codon, the 4 middle columns give the second nucleotide, and the last column gives the third nucleotide.  

The RNA Codons  

Second nucleotide U C A G  

U UUU Phenylalanine (Phe) UCU Serine (Ser) UAU Tyrosine (Tyr) UGU Cysteine (Cys) U  

UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UGC Cys C  

UUA Leucine (Leu) UCA Ser UAA STOP UGA STOP A  

UUG Leu UCG Ser UAG STOP UGG Tryptophan (Trp) G  

C CUU Leucine (Leu) CCU Proline (Pro) CAU Histidine (His) CGU Arginine (Arg) U  

CUC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg C  

CUA Leu CCA Pro CAA Glutamine (Gln) CGA Arg A  

CUG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg G  

A AUU Isoleucine (Ile) ACU Threonine (Thr) AAU Asparagine (Asn) AGU Serine (Ser) U  

AUC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser C  

AUA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lysine (Lys) AGA Arginine (Arg) A  

AUG Methionine (Met) or START ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg G  

G GUU Valine Val GCU Alanine (Ala) GAU Aspartic acid (Asp) GGU Glycine (Gly) U  

GUC (Val) GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly C  

GUA Val GCA Ala GAA Glutamic acid (Glu) GGA Gly A  

GUG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly G  

The DNA Codons  

These are the codons as they are read on the sense (5' to 3') strand of DNA. Except that the nucleotide thymidine (T) is found in place of uridine (U), they read the same as RNA codons. However, mRNA is actually synthesized using the antisense strand of DNA (3' to 5') as the template. [Discussion]  

This table could well be called the Rosetta Stone of life.  

The Genetic Code (DNA)  

TTT Phe TCT Ser TAT Tyr TGT Cys  

TTC Phe TCC Ser TAC Tyr TGC Cys  

TTA Leu TCA Ser TAA STOP TGA STOP  

TTG Leu TCG Ser TAG STOP TGG Trp  

CTT Leu CCT Pro CAT His CGT Arg  

CTC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg  

CTA Leu CCA Pro CAA Gln CGA Arg  

CTG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg  

ATT Ile ACT Thr AAT Asn AGT Ser  

ATC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser  

ATA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lys AGA Arg  

ATG Met* ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg  

GTT Val GCT Ala GAT Asp GGT Gly  

GTC Val GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly  

GTA Val GCA Ala GAA Glu GGA Gly  

GTG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly  

*When within gene; at beginning of gene, ATG signals start of translation.  

Codon Bias  

All but two of the amino acids (Met and Trp) can be encoded by from 2 to 6 different codons. However, the genome of most organisms reveals that certain codons are preferred over others. In humans, for example, alanine is encoded by GCC four times as often as by GCG. Why should this be? The answer is uncertain but probably reflects a greater translation efficiency by the translation apparatus (e.g., ribosomes) for certain codons over their synonyms.  

Codon bias even extends to pairs of codons: wherever a human protein contains the amino acids Ala-Glu, the gene encoding those amino acids is seven times as likely to use the codons GCAGAG rather than the synonymous GCCGAA.  

Codon bias is exploited by the biotechnology industry to improve the yield of the desired product. The ability to manipulate codon bias may also usher in a era of safer vaccines. Link to a discussion.  

Exceptions to the Code  

The genetic code is almost universal. The same codons are assigned to the same amino acids and to the same START and STOP signals in the vast majority of genes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. However, some exceptions have been found. Most of these involve assigning one or two of the three STOP codons to an amino acid instead.  

Mitochondrial genes  

When mitochondrial mRNA from animals or microorganisms (but not from plants) is placed in a test tube with the cytosolic protein-synthesizing machinery (amino acids, enzymes, tRNAs, ribosomes) it fails to be translated into a protein.  

The reason: these mitochondria use UGA to encode tryptophan (Trp) rather than as a chain terminator. When translated by cytosolic machinery, synthesis stops where Trp should have been inserted.  

In addition, most  

* animal mitochondria use AUA for methionine not isoleucine and  

* all vertebrate mitochondria use AGA and AGG as chain terminators.  

* Yeast mitochondria assign all codons beginning with CU to threonine instead of leucine (which is still encoded by UUA and UUG as it is in cytosolic mRNA).

3 0
3 years ago
What do you understand by the statement" you are what you eat?
Bad White [126]

Answer:

protein,carbohydrate,lipids,nucleic acid

7 0
3 years ago
Motor innervation to the stomach is classified as
IceJOKER [234]
The answer to this question would be: visceral motor

The muscle in the stomach is not consciously moved. The muscle regulated automatically by the nervous system based on some mechanism like other organs. The things that can influence the muscle would be when the autonomous nervous system is activated. This kind of motor innervation is called visceral motor. 
8 0
3 years ago
1 Populations that show uniform dispersion typically show the following characteristics EXCEPT:
professor190 [17]

1. Answer: C

Explanation: Species that are inclined to clumping means they are more likely to cooperate in tasking such as gathering food. However, evenly distributed population means there is competition between individuals hence the need to their own space and territory from the other individual.

2. Answer: B

Explanation: While the clumped up populations may be inclined to cooperate in tasks such as food gathering, such distribution results to increases intraspecies competition especially during scarcity. This is because the individuals are close together – which is also advantageous during mating season.

3. Answer: A

Explanation: Type 3 survivorship curve is characterized by a high mortality rate early in the life of the species which gradually progresses to a low mortality rate for the individuals that survive the early stages of life. These species, therefore, bear a lot of offspring most of which will not make to adulthood.

4. Answer: B

Explanation: If the death rate of a population is higher than the birth+ immigration rate, then the population must be decreasing. This can be demonstrated by a growth curve of a population such as that of bacteria. The population starts decreasing due to increased competition for reduced resources after reaching carrying capacity  - depicted by the stationary phase.

4 0
3 years ago
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