(89000 + 3000) - (35000 + 4902 + 4000) = $48,098 (this is the amount you owe taxes on). I can't see the tax table, but generally speaking, your adjusted income is what you pay taxes on (notice my wording), so you should multiply the $48,098 by the percentage associated with the adjusted income. I hope this helps.
9 + 6 = 15 so its 15 i think
It is an assumption of something not scientific.
One of the rules of logarithms is as follows;

We can now insert the corresponding values in the question provided, as shown below;

Note that, one of the rules of exponents, states that a number when raised to the power of a negative value, is equivalent to the reciprocal of that expression. An example is shown below;

Therefore, our equation can now be re-written as follows;

However, the question requires the answer to be expressed in exponential form. Therefore,